Training

Pinned sources DeepSeek-V4.1 technical report @ 2cba9e4 · no training code is published · How to read

  1. Start of training
  2. Start of the encoder’s training
  3. Vision encoder: contrastiveDeepSeek-ViT≈ 47B pairsnot statedContrastiveSigLIPViT
  4. Vision encoder: autoregressiveDeepSeek-ViT236Bnot statedNTPViT
  5. DeepSeek-ViT
  6. Pre-training 0–28TDeepSeek-V4.1-Flash28T64KNTPBalanceweight 0.0001not ViTsparse from scratch
  7. Pre-training 28–34TLR decay begins6T64KNTPBalanceweight 0.0001all
  8. Pre-training 34–45TDeepSeek-V4.1-Flash11T1MNTPBalanceweight 0.0001all
  9. DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash-Base
  10. DSpark stageDeepSeek-V4.1-Flashnot statednot statednot statedDSparkDSpark added
  11. SFTDeepSeek-V4.1-Flashnot statednot statedSFTnot statedpost-training changes
  12. RLDeepSeek-V4.1-Flashnot statednot statedRLgroup-relativenot stated
  13. On-policy distillationDeepSeek-V4.1-Flashnot statednot statedOPDover 40 teachersnot stated
  14. DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash
  • tokens, log scale
  • derived: computed from stated numbers
  • context length
  • all parameters train
  • a part trains
  • all but a part trains
  • NTPdashed: concluded, no source names it
  • not stated by the sources
  • the architecture changes
  • checkpoint
  • checkpoint, weights published
  • a join the sources leave unexplained

DSpark stage

×

Stage · DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash

The speculative-decoding module is trained in a stage of its own after pre-training, with the backbone frozen.

Trainable
DSpark alone
DSpark
3 blocks, window 128, 5 draft positions

Not disclosed Objective · Data · Steps · Learning rate · Tokens

Why

DSpark is trained after pre-training and kept training through post-training, so that it stays aligned with the policy as that changes. DeepSeek-V4.1 report §2.4.3, p. 14

DSpark exists from this stage on; the pinned checkpoint holds its blocks and heads.

All settings2
Trainable
DSpark alone; the backbone is frozen
DSpark
3 Transformer blocks with a sliding window of 128 tokens; logits for 5 draft positions in one pass; a Markov head and a confidence head
Sources2